University of Maryland at College Park -- Spring 2004

HIST 174 -- Introduction to History of Science

Instructions for Second Assignment -- Essay Review

Definition. An essay review is defined, for the purpose of this course, as an essay, about 1500 to 2500 words long, comparing and evaluating two books on a topic, to the extent that they overlap in subject-matter. To be more specific: the essay review should be based on (a) two of the books listed under a topic in the list below; (b) background knowledge in the history of science that you have acquired from the required readings and lectures.the source in its original language.

Audience.  You should write your essay as if it would be read by a student with the same level of knowledge in history of science that you have.  In fact you are encouraged to ask other students to read your draft, to point out mistakes and unclear phrases, and to comment on general coherence and organization.  However, you should carefully avoid using any phrases or sentences suggested by someone else, or found in a published source (including the Internet).  That would constitute "unauthorized assistance" (see item 11, Honor Pledge)

The opening paragraph should be interesting enough to make the reader want to continue reading; at the end the reader should think that the time effort spent reading it was worthwhile.

For free assistance visit The Writing Center in TLF 0125 (open M-Th 9-4, F 9-2); call 301-405-4787 for appointment.  You are urged to consult your Teaching Assistant or the Instructor if you have questions.

Examples.  Look at the essay reviews on this website, two by students (example #1 and example #2), and one by the Instructor.

Before submitting the paper, you should go through the following checklist.

1. Choice of topic and books. The essay review should discuss two books on one of the topics listed below. Only books on the list may be used. Do not select two books by the same author. Do not discuss any articles by your instructor [you would have a "conflict of interest"].

2. Length. The paper should be at least 1500 but no more than 2500 words (not including quotes and references), typed double-spaced or 1½-spaced. Long quotations (more than 2 sentences) should be avoided or placed in an appendix if necessary.

3. Pages should be numbered and stapled together. A binder or plastic cover is not necessary and will not be returned.

4. At the top right corner of the first page, print your own name clearly. Choose a title for your essay, and put the topic number in parentheses after it. Leave space at the bottom of the first page for the Honor Pledge (see below, item 11).

5. Put your own name at the top right corner of each page (in case it gets separated).

6. Content. Do not use much space in summarizing the contents of the books. It is more important to give your own analysis, discussion, and comparison of the authors' arguments. It is not necessary to discuss all the topics included in each book; rather, you should focus on the area of overlap between them.

7. Evaluation. You must decide whether, and to what extent, the authors have achieved their purposes: is each book interesting, well-organized, persuasive and properly documented? Do not be intimidated by the expertise of the authors of the books. You may think that as a student you are not qualified to evaluate a book written by a professor, but in fact students in history of science courses form a large part of the audience for which these books are supposed to be written; if their authors can't make their case clearly and persuasively to you, they have failed! Moreover, almost every reviewer of any book knows less about the subject than the book's author (who may have spent 10 years researching the subject), but that does not prevent him/her from writing a critical evaluation.

8. Your own thesis. In addition to a critical/comparative evaluation of the two books, you should state and defend your own opinion on the major issues they discussed. Don't just say you agree with one or the other author.

9. Spelling, grammar, punctuation, and style do affect your grade.
    9a. Use your computer's spell-check feature!
    9b. Use American punctuation when a quotation mark comes at the end of a sentence or phrase (.... ." or ...," not ....". or ...",).
    9c. Observe the correct usage: it's or its, their or there, principle or principal, lead or led, cite or site or sight, affect or effect, etc.
    9d. Don't switch tenses randomly, especially within a paragraph.

10. Citations. At the beginning of your review, give for each book the author's name, full title, number of pages, place of publication, name of publisher, and date. When citing one of these books in the body of the review you may use a short form: (Smith, p. 23). (Be sure to give page references for direct quotations or specific statements.) In citing other works you may use endnotes. In general, titles of books and names of journals should be in italics; titles of articles in journals should be in quotation marks (used as noted above, 9b), with inclusive page numbers. When citing an edited collection of essays by different authors, cite the author you are quoting, not just the editor.

11. Honor Pledge. Students are expected to be familiar with the University's policies on Academic Dishonesty, especially regarding plagiarism. By submitting a paper under your own name, you certify that it is entirely your own work except where facts and quotations are specifically credited to others; and that the paper has not been submitted for academic credit in any other course. The official UMCP "Honor Pledge," together with the supplement for this course, must be handwritten and signed on the bottom of the first page:

  "I pledge on my honor that I have not given or received any unauthorized assistance on this assignment. I understand that plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty may result in suspension or expulsion from the University."

12. The essay review is due at your section in the week of April 26-30.

Note: you should select your topic and books as soon as possible so you can get the books from the library. Remember that any library user can recall a book charged out to any other user, but it may take 2 or 3 weeks to actually get the book.

Books marked * are more technical or difficult reading.


I. Clockwork Universe

I.1 Copernican Revolution
     Crowe, Michael J., Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution (1990)
     Duhem, Pierre, To Save the Phenomena (1908, trans. 1969)
     Hanson, Norwood R., Constellations and Conjectures (1973)
     Kuhn, Thomas, The Copernican Revolution (1957)
     Koyré, A., From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe (1957)
     Rosen, Edward, Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution (1984)

I.2 Kepler
     Caspar, Max, Kepler (1571-1630) (1962)
     Kozhamthadan, Job, The Discovery of Kepler's Laws (1994)
     Stephenson, Bruce, Kepler's Physical Astronomy (1987)

I.3 Early Chemistry
     Ihde, Aaron J., Development of Modern Chemistry (1964)
     Leicester, Henry M., Historical Background of Chemistry (1956)
     Multhauf, R. P., The origins of chemistry (1966)

I.4 Science in the Renaissance
     Boas, Marie, The Scientific Renaissance 1450-1630 (1962)
     Debus, Allen G., Man and Nature in the Renaissance (1978)
     Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology... (1980)
     Sarton, George, Six Wings: Men of Science … (1957)
     Vickers, Brian (ed.) Occult & Scientific Mentalities in the Renaissance (1984)
     Wightman, W. P. D., Science in a Renaissance Society (1972)

I.5 Galileo
     Biagioli, Mario, Galileo Courtier (1993)
     de Santillana, Giorgio, The Crime of Galileo (1955)
     *Finocchiaro, Maurice, The Galileo Affair (1989)
     Geymonat, Ludovico, Galileo Galilei: A Biography (1957, trans. 1965)
     Langford, Jerome, Galileo, Science & the Church, rev. ed. (1971)
     Redondi, Pietro, Galileo Heretic (1987)
     Shapere, Dudley, Galileo: A Philosophical Study (1974)
     Wallace, William A. (ed.) Reinterpreting Galileo (1986)

I.6 Bacon
     Bowen, Catherine Drinker, Francis Bacon (1963)
     Eiseley, Loren, The man who saw through time (1973)
     Rossi, Paolo, Francis Bacon (1968)

I.7 Newton
     Cohen, I. Bernard, The Newtonian Revolution (1980)
     Dobbs, B. J. T., & Jacob, M. C., Newton and the Culture of Newtonianism (1995)
     Gleick, James, Isaac Newton (2003)
     Koyré, Alexandre, Newtonian Studies (1965)
     Theerman, Paul & Seeff, Adele, Action and Reaction (1993)

I.8 Calculus
     Boyer, C. B. Concepts of the Calculus (1949), repr. as History of the Calculus (1959)
     Edwards, C. H., Jr., Historical Development of the Calculus (1979)
     Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences (1997, 1998)
     Kline, Korris, Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times (1972)

I.9 Science and the Enlightenment
     Gillispie, Charles Coulston, The Edge of Objectivity (1960)
     Hankins, Thomas, Science and the Enlightenment (1985)
     Heilbron, J. L., Elements of Early Modern Physics (1982)
     Olson, Richard, Science Deified and Science Defied, vol. 2 (1990)
     Randall, John Herman, Jr., Making of the Modern Mind (1926, 1940)
     Rousseau, G. S. & Porter, Roy, Ferment of Knowledge (1980)

I.10 Technology (European, General)
     Bugliarello, George & Doner, D. B., History and Philosophy of Technology (1979)
     Bijker, Wiebe et al. (eds.) Social Construction of Technological Systems (1989)
     Cardwell, D. S. L., Turning Points in Western Technology (1972)
     Ellul, Jacques, The Technological Society (1954, tr. 1964)
     Jacob, Margaret, Scientific Culture and Making of Industrial West (1997)
     Pacey, Arnold, The Maze of Ingenuity (1974)


II. Revolutions and Scientific Method

II.1 Theories of the history of science
     Agassi, Joseph, Towards an Historiography of Science (1963)
     Cohen, I. Bernard, Revolution in Science (1985)
     Feyerabend, Paul, Against Method (1975)
     Giere, R. N., Explaining Science (1988)
     Golinski, Jan, Making Natural Knowledge (1998)
     Hanson, Norwood Russell, Patterns of Discovery (1958)
     Hull, David L., Science as a Process (1988)
     Kuhn, Thomas S., The Essential Tension (1977)
     Kuhn, T. S., Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed.(1970)
     Lakatos, Imre & Musgrave, A. (eds.) Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970)
     Laudan, Larry, Progress and its Problems (1987)
     McAllister, James W., Beauty and Revolution in Science (1996)
     Popper, K.R., Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935, trans. 1959)
     Sullowayr, Frank, Born to Rebel (1996)

II.2 The Scientific Revolution
     Butterfield, Herbert, Origins of Modern Science (1957)
     Cohen, H. Floris, The Scientific Revolution
     *Hall, A. Rupert, Revolution in Science 1500-1750 (1983)
     Jacob, Margaret C. The Cultural Meaning of the S R (1988)
     Lindberg, David & Westman, R. S. (Eds.) Reappraisals of the S R (1990)
     Merchant, Carolyn, Death of Nature (1980)
     Osler, Margaret J., editor, Rethinking the Scientific Revolution (2000)
     Shapin, Steven, The Scientific Revolution (1996)

II.3 Role of Mathematics and Numbers
     Crosby, Alfred W., The Measure of Reality (1997)
     Dear, Peter, Discipline and Experience (1995)

II.4 Merton thesis
     Cohen, I.B.(ed.) Puritanism & Rise of Modern Science (1990)
     Feuer, Lewis S., The Scientific Intellectual (1963)
     Merton, Robert, Science, Technology and Society (1938, 1970)

II.5 Possible Alternative Sites for the Scientific Revolution (why not China or Islam?)
     Dainian, Fan and Cohen, R.S. (Eds.) Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (1996)
     Nakayama, Shigeru & Sivin, Nathan (eds.), Chinese Science (1973)
     Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Science and Civilization in Islam (1968)
     Needham, Joseph [abridged by C. Ronan] Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 1 (1978)

II.6 Sociology of science
     Barnes, Barry et al., Scientific Knowledge (1996)
     Brannigan, Augustine, The social basis of scientific discoveries (1981)
     Cole, Stephen, Making Science (1992)
     Crane, Diana, Invisible Colleges (1972)
     Gaston, Jerry, The Reward System (1978)
     Golinski, Jan, Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism... (1998)
     Hull, David L., Science as a Process (1888)
     Knorr-Cetina, Karin, Epistemic Cultures (1999)
     Latour, Bruno, Science in Action (1987)
     Latour, Bruno & Woolgar, S., Laboratory Life, 2nd ed. (1986)
     Merton, Robert K., The Sociology of Science (1973)
     Mulkay, Michael, Sociology of Science (1991)

II.7 Psychology of Science
     Aris, Rutherford et al (ed.) Springs of Scientific Creativity (1983)
     Sulloway, Frank, Born to Rebel (1996)
     Taylor, Calvin W. & Barron, Frank (eds.) Scientific Creativity (1963)

II.8 Philosophy of Science
     Chalmers, Alan, What is this thing called science? (Any edition)
     Donovan, Arthur, et al. (Eds) Scrutinizing Science (1988)
     Faust, David, Limits of Scientific Reasoning (1984)
     Feyerabend, Paul, Against Method (1975)
     Finocchiaro, Maurice, History of Science as Explanation (1973)
     Frank, Philipp, Modern Science and its Philosophy (1941)
     Hacking, Ian, Representing and Intervening (1983)
     Hanson, Norwood Russell, Patterns of Discovery (1958)
     Longino, Helen E., Science as Social Knowledge (1990)

II.9 Science and Literature (17th & 18th centuries)
     Bush, Douglas, Science and English Poetry: (1950)
     Nicolson, Marjorie, Newton Demands the Muse (1946)
     Nicolson, Marjorie, Science and Imagination (1956)
     Salvaggio, Enlightened Absence: Neoclassical Configurations of the Feminine (1988)

II.10 Science and religion (pre-1900)
     Brooke, John Hedley, Science and Religion (1991)
     *Funkenstein, Amos, Theology & the Scientific Imagination (1986)
     Lindberg, David C. & Numbers, Ronald L., God and Nature (1986)

II.11 Scientometrics [quantitative aspects of science]
     Elkana, Yehuda et al., Toward a Metric of Science (1978)
     Menard, Henry, Science: Growth and Change (1971)
     Price, Derek J. de Solla, Little Science, Big Science (1963)


III. Evolution

III.1 Origins of Geology
     Gillispie, Charles C., Genesis and Geology (1951)
     Greene, Mott, Geology in the nineteenth Century (1982)
     Hall, D. H., History of the Earth Sciences (1976)
     Kitts, David B., Structure of Geology (1977) 
     Laudan, Rachel, From Mineralogy to Geology (1987)
     Porter, Roy, The Making of Geology (1977)

III.2 Time
     Albritton, Claude C., Jr., The Abyss of Time (1980)
     Burchfield, Joe, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth, 2nd ed. (1990)
     Gould, Stephen J., Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (1987)
     Haber, Francis, Age of the World, Moses to Darwin (1959)
     Lewis, C. L. E. & Knell, S.J. (Eds), The Age of the Earth from 4004 BC to AD 2002 (2001)
     Rossi, Paolo, The Dark Abyss of Time (1979, transl. 1984)
     Toulmin, Stephen & Goodfield, June, Discovery of Time (1965)

III.3 Revolution in the Earth Sciences [20th century]
     Glen, William, Road to Jaramillo (1982)
     Hallam, A., Revolution in the Earth Sciences (1973)
     LeGrand, H. E., Drifting Continents ... (1988)
     Marvin, Ursula, Continental Drift (1973)
     Oreskes, Naomi, Rejection of Continental Drift (1999)
     Stewart, John A., Drifting Continents & Colliding Paradigms (1990)
     Wood, Robert Muir, The Dark Side of the Earth (1985)

III.4 Evolutionary ideas before Darwin
     Glass, Bentley et al. (Eds) Forerunners of Darwin (1959, 1968)
     Greene, John, The Death of Adam (1959)
     Lovejoy, Arthur O., Great Chain of Being (1936)
     Mayr, Ernst, Growth of Biological Thought (1982)
     Merz, John, History of European Thought, vol. 2 (1912)
     Rudwick, Martin J. S., The Meaning of Fossils, 2d ed. (1976)

III.5 Darwin and Evolutionary Biology
     Dennett, Daniel C., Darwin's Dangerous Idea (1995)
     Eiseley, Loren, Darwin's Century (1958)
     Ghiselin, Michael, Triumph of the Darwinian Method (1969)
     Himmelfarb, Gertrude, Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution (1959)
     Mayr, Ernst, Growth of Biological Thought (1982)
     *Ospovat, Dov, The Development of Darwin's Theory (1981)
     Ruse, Michael, The Darwinian Revolution (1979)

III.6 Impact of Darwinism
     Glick, Thomas (ed.) Comparative Reception of Darwinism (1974)
     Green, John C. Science, Ideology and World View (1981)
     Hull, David, Darwin and his Critics (1973)
     Irvine, William, Apes, Angels and Victorians (1955)
     Moore, James R., Post-Darwinian Controversies (1979)
     Numbers, Ronald L., Darwinism comes to America (1998)
     Paul, Harry, The Edge of Contingency (1979)

III.7 Human Evolution
     Bowler, Peter J., Theories of Human Evolution (1986)
     Wendt, Herbert, In Search of Adam (1956)

III.8 Darwin and the human mind
     Dennett, Daniel C., Darwin's Dangerous Idea (1995)
     Gruber, Howard E., Darwin on Man, 2nd ed. (1981)
     Richards, Robert J., Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior (1987)

III.9 Social Darwinism
     Bannister, Robert C., Social Darwinism (1979)
     Greene, John, Science, Ideology, and World View (1981)
     Hofstadter, Richard, Social Darwinism (1944)
     Jones, Greta, Social Darwinism and English Thought (1980)

III.10 Victorian Science
     Cannon, Susan, Science in Culture (1978)
     Kargon, Robert H., Science in Victorian Manchester (1977)
     Knight, David, The Age of Science (1986)

III.11 American science (19th century)
     Bruce, Robert, Launching of Modern American Science (1987)
     Reingold, Nathan, Science in Nineteenth Century America (1964)
     Rosenberg, Charles E., No Other Gods (1976)

III.12 Creation-Evolution controversy (20th century America)
     Eve, Raymond A. & Harrold, Francis B., The Creationist Movement in Modern America (1991)
     Gilbert, James, Redeeming Culture (1997)
     Larson, Edward J., Summer for the Gods (1997)
     Levine, Lawrence, Defender of the Faith: William Jennings Bryant, the Last Decade (1965)
     Morris, Henry M., Scientific Creationism (1974)
     Numbers, Ronald, The Creationists (1992)
     Numbers, Ronald, Darwinism comes to America (1998)
     Pennock, Robert T., Tower of Babel (1999)

III.13 Genetics
     Allen, Garland, Thomas Hunt Morgan (1978)
     Carlson, Elof, The Gene (1966)
     Darden, Lindley, Theory Change in Science: Strategies from Mendelian Genetics (1991)
     Dunn, L. C., Short History of Genetics (1965)
     Olby, Robert, Origins of Mendelism, 2nd ed. (1985)

III.14 Eugenics
     Kevles, Daniel, In the Name of Eugenics (1985)
     Paul, Diane, Controlling Human Heredity (1995)

III.15 Molecular Genetics & Double Helix
     Judson, Horace, The Eighth Day of Creation (1979)
     McCarty, Maclyn, The Transforming Principle (1985)
     Watson, James D., The Double Helix

III.16 Nature/Nurture (heredity/environment)
     Cravens, Hamilton, The Triumph of Evolution (1978)
     Degler, Carl, In Search of Human Nature (1991)
     Wetzell, Richard F., Inventing the Criminal (2000)

III.17 Lysenko & Soviet Biology
     Graham, Loren, Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union (1966)
     Joravsky, David, The Lysenko Affair (1970
     Medvedev, Zhores, Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko (1969)


IV. Sex, Mind & Behavior

IV.1 Freud & Psychoanalysis
     Fine, Reuben, History of Psychoanalysis (1979)
     Jones, Ernest, Life and Work of Sigmund Freud (1953; abridged ed. by L. Trilling & S. Marcus, 1961)
     Robert, Marthe, The Psychoanalytic Revolution (1966)
     Sulloway, Frank, Freud (1979)

IV.2 Freud's influence in America
     Hale, Nathan, Freud and the Americans
     Quen, Jacques & Carlson, Eric T., American Psychoanalysis (1978)

IV.3 Anthropology
     Harris, Marvin, Rise of Anthropological Theory (1968)
     Kardiner, Abram & Preble, Edward, They Studied Man (1961)
     Stocking, George, Race, Culture and Evolution (1968)

IV.4 Experimental Psychology from Wundt to Skinner
     Boring, Edwin G., History of Experimental Psychology (2nd ed. 1950)
     Fancher, Raymond E., Pioneers of Psychology (1979)
     Flugel, J. C., A Hundred Years of Psychology (rev. ed. 1964)
     Hergenhahn, B. R., Introduction to the History of Psychology, 2nd ed. (1992)

IV.5 IQ Test
     Gould, Stephen Jay, Mismeasure of Man (1981)
     Hearnshaw, L. S., Cyril Burt (1979)
     Hergenhahn, B. R., Introduction to the History of Psychology, 2nd ed. (1992)

IV.6 Social Science
     Becker, Howard & Barnes, H. W., Social Thought from Lore to Science vol. 3 (1961)
     Cravens, Hamilton, Triumph of Evolution (1978)

IV.7 Sex Differences
     Bleier, Ruth, Science and Gender: Critique of Biology (1984)
     Fausto-Sterling, Anne, Myths of Gender: Biol. Theories (1985)
     Harding, Sandra, The Science Quesion in Feminism (1986)
     Harding, Sandra, Whose Science, Whose Knowledge? (1991)
     Hubbard, Ruth, The Politics of Women's Biology (1990)
     Keller, Evelyn Fox, Reflections on Gender and Science (1985)
     Klein, Viola, The Feminine Character (1972)
     Martin, M. Kay & Voorhies, Barbara, Female of the Species (1975)
     Schiebinger, Londa, Nature's Body (1993)

IV.8 Women in Science
     Abir-Am, Pnina G. & Outram, Dorinda (eds.) Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives (1987)
     Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory, History of Women in the Sciences (1999)
     Schiebinger, London, The Mind has no Sex? (1989)
     Sonnert, Gerald, & Holton, G., Who Succeeds in Science? (1995)


V. Energy

V.1 Probability (before 1800)
     Daston, Lorraine, Classical Probability... (1988)
     Hacking, Ian, Emergence of Probability (1975)
     Kendall, Maurice & Plackett, R. L. (Eds) Studies in the History of Statistics and Probability, Vol. II. (1977)

V.2 Statistical theories (after 1800)
     Gigerenzer, Gerd et al., Empire of Chances (1989)
     Hacking, Ian, The Taming of Chance (1990)
     *Krüger, Lorenz et al. (eds.) Probabilistic Revolution(1987)
     Porter, Theodore M., Rise of Statistical Thinking (1986)
     Von Plato, Jan, Creating Modern Probability (1994)

V.4 Faraday
     Agassi, Joseph, Faraday as a Natural Philosopher (1971)
     Gooding, David & James, F.A.J.L. (Eds) Faraday Rediscovered (1989)
     Williams, L. Pearce, Michael Faraday (1964, 1971)

V.5 Forces, Fields, Energy
     Cardwell, D.S.L., From Watt to Clausius (1971)
     Elkana, Yehuda, Discovery of the Conservation of Energy (1974)
     Hesse, Mary, Forces and Fields (1961)
     Jammer, Max, Concepts of Force (1957)
     Kuhn, T. S., "Energy conservation..." in Essential Tension (1977)
     Smith, Crosbie, Science of Energy (1998)
     Williams, L. Pearce, The Origins of Field Theory (1966)

V.6 Maxwell
     Buchwald, Jed, From Maxwell to Microphysics (1985)
     Campbell, Lewis & Garnett, W., Life of James Clerk Maxwell (1882, new ed. by R. H. Kargon, 1969)
     Everitt, C. W. F. James Clerk Maxwell (1975)
     Tolstoy, Ivan, James Clerk Maxwell (1981)

V.7 Kelvin
     Sharlin, Harold, Lord Kelvin (1979)
     *Smith, Crosbie & Wise, M. Norton, Energy & Empire (1989)
     Thompson, Sylvanus, Life of Lord Kelvin (1910)

V.8 Edison
     Friedel, Robert & Israel, Paul, Edison's Electric Light (1986)
     Josephson, Matthew, Edison (1961)

V.9 Gibbs
     Rukeyser, Muriel Willard Gibbs (1942)
     Wheeler, Lynde Phelps Josiah Willard Gibbs (1951)

V.10 Mathematics after Newton
     Aspray, William & Kitcher, P. (Eds) History and Philosophy of Modern Mathematics (1988)
     *Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, Development of the Foundations of Mathematical Analysis from Euler to Riemann (1970)
     Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences (1997, 1998)
     Kline, Morris (see I.9)
     Kline, Morris, Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty (1980)

V.11 Physics in the 19th Century
     Bellone, E., A World on Paper (1980)
     Brantlinger, Patrick (ed.), Energy and Entropy (1989)
     Garber, Elizabeth, The Language of Physics (1998)
     Harman, P. M., Energy, Force & Matter (1982); Wranglers and Physicists (1985)
     Jungnickel, Christa & McCormmach, Russell, Intellectual Mastery of Nature (1986)
     Knight, David, The Age of Science (1986)
     Merz, John, History of European Thought, v.1&2 (1904,1912)
     Nye, Mary Jo, Before Big Science (1996)
     Purrington, Robert, Physics in the Nineteenth Century (1997)

V.12 Einstein
     Bernstein, Jeremy, Einstein (1973)
     Cassidy, David, Einstein and our World (1995)
     Clark, Ronald W., Einstein: The Life and Times (1971)
     Feuer, Lewis, Einstein and the Generations of Science (1974)
     Frank, Philipp Einstein (1947)
     Hoffmann, Banesh Creator and Rebel (1972)
     Holton, Gerald & Elkana, Y. (Eds) Albert Einstein (1982)
     Holton, Gerald, Thematic Origins... (rev. ed. 1988)
     *Pais, Abraham, 'Subtle is the Lord' (1982)

V.13 Art and Relativity
     Miller, Arthur I., Einstein, Picasso (2001)
     Shlain, Leonard, Art & Physics (1991)


VI. Atom and Universe

VI.1 Lavoisier
     Guerlac, Henry, Lavoisier: The Crucial Year (1961)
     Holmes, Frederic, Lavoisier and the Chemistry of Life (1985)
     McCann, H. Gilman, Chemistry Transformed (1978)
     McKie, Douglas, Antoine Lavoisier (1952)

VI.2 Dalton
     Cardwell, D. S. L. (Ed.) John Dalton & The Progress of Science (1968)
     Greenaway, Frank, John Dalton and the Atom (1966)
     Patterson, Elizabeth, John Dalton and the Atomic Theory (1970)
     Thackray, Arnold, John Dalton (1972)

VI.3 Chemistry in the 19th century
     Benfey, O. T., From Vital Force to Structural Formulas (1964)
     Berry, A. J., From Classical to Modern Chemistry (1954)
     Findlay, Alexander & Williams, Trevor, A Hundred Years of Chemistry (1937, 1948, 1965)
     Knight, David M., Atoms and elements (1967)
     Schneer, Cecil J., Mind and Matter (1969)

VI.4 Marie Curie
     Curie, Eve, Madame Curie (1937)
     Quinn, Susan, Marie Curie (1995)
     Reid, Robert, Marie Curie (1974)

VI.6 Bohr
     *Folse, Henry, The Philosophy of Niels Bohr (1985)
     French, A. P. & Kennedy, P. J. (Eds) Niels Bohr (1985)
     Moore, Ruth, Niels Bohr (1966)
     Pais, Abraham, Niels Bohr's Times (1991)

VI.7 Quantum theory
     Beller, Mara, Quantum Dialogue (1999)
     Cushing, James, Quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency and the Copenhagen Interpretation (1994)
     Guillemin, Victor, Story of Quantum Mechanics (1968)
     Hoffmann, Banesh, Strange Story of the Quantum (1947, 1959)
     Kragh, Helge, Quantum Generations (1999)
     *Kuhn, Thomas, Black Body Theory ... (1978)

VI.8 Particle Physics and Physicists (after 1940)
     Crease, Robert P. & Mann, C. C., Second Creation (1986)
     *Franklin, Allan, The Neglect of Experiment (1986)
     *Galison, Peter, How Experiments end (1987)
     *Hoddeson, Lillian et al (eds.) Rise of the Standard Model (1997)
     Knorr-Cetina, Karin, Epistemic Cultures (1999)
     Pais, Abraham, Inward Bound (1986)
     *Pickering, Andrew, Constructing Quarks (1984)
     Traweek, Sharon, Beamtimes and Lifetimes (1988)

VI.9 American Physics (20th century)
     Galison, Peter, How Experiments End (1987)
     Goldberg, Stanley & Stuewer, Roger (eds.) The Michelson Era... (1988)
     Kevles, Daniel J., The Physicists (1978)
     Moyer, Albert, American Physics in Transition (1983)
     Sopka, Katherine, Quantum Physics in America (1988)

VI.10 Atomic Bomb
     Badash, Lawrence, Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons (1995)
     Hewlett, R. G. & Anderson, O. E., A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol.1, The New World 1939-46 (1962)
     Rhodes, Richard, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986)

VI.11 Technology and Society (modern American)
     Friedel, Robert (ed.) "Snapshots of a Discipline" Supplement to Vol. 36, no. 2 of the journal Technology and Culture (1995)
     Hughes, Thomas Parke (ed.), Changing Attitudes toward American Technology (1975)
     Marcus, Alan I. & Segal, H. P., Technology in America (1989)
     Mazlish, Bruce (ed.) , The Railroad and the Space Program (1965)
     Mesthene, Emmanuel, Technological Change (1970)
     Noble, David, America by Design (1977)

VI.12 Cosmology
     Berendzen, Richard, et al., Man Discovers the Galaxies (1976)
     Crowe, Michael, Modern Theories of the Universe (1994)
     Dickson, F. P., The Bowl of Night
     Kragh, Helge, Cosmology and Controversy (1996)
     *North, J. D., The Measure of the Universe (1965)
     Smith, Robert W., Expanding Universe (1982)

VI.13 Solar System
     Doel, Ronald E., Solar System Astronomy in America (1996)
     Tatarewicz, Joseph N., Space Technology and Planetary Asttonomy (1990)

VI.14 Science and society
     Barber, Bernard, Science and the Social Order (1952)
     Ben-David, Joseph, The Scientist's Role in Society 2nd ed. (1984)
     Burnham, John, How Superstition Won and Science Lost (1987)
     LaFollette, Making Science our own (1990)
     Ravetz, Jerome, Scientific Knowledge & its Social Problems (1971)
     Rose, Hilary & Steven, Science and Society (1969)
     Rosenberg, Charles E., No Other Gods (1976)
     Weart, Spencer R., Nuclear Fear: A History of Images (1988)
     Ziman, John, Public Knowledge (1968)

VI.16 Science and Literature (20th century)
     Hayles, N. Katherine (ed.) Chaos and Order (1991)
     Nadeau, Robert, Readings from the New Book on Nature (1981)
     Snow, C. P., The Two Cultures: And a Second Look (1964)

VI.17 Current academic critiques of science ("Science Wars")
Choose one from (a), one from (b)
     
    (a)  Collins, Harry & Pinch, Trevor, The Golem (1993)
     Dunbar, Robin, The Trouble with Science (1995)
     Ross, Andrew (ed.), Science Wars (1996)
    (b)  Gross, Paul & Levitt, Norman, Higher Superstition (1994)
     Holton, Gerald, Science and Anti-Science (1993)
     Koertge, Noretta (ed.) A House Built on Sand (1998)

VI.18 Science and Religion
     Gillispie, Charles, Genesis and Geology (1951)
     Hovenkamp, Herbert, Science and Religion in America 1800-1860 (1978)
     Paul, Harry, The Edge of Contingency (1979)